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| The name Confucius is a Jesuit romanization of
Kong Fuzi, literally meaning Master Kong. (Traditionally
September 28
551 BCE–479
BCE). Confucius was a famous thinker and social
philosopher of
China, whose
teachings have deeply influenced
East Asia.
Living in the
Spring and Autumn period, he was convinced of his ability to restore the
world's order, and failed. After much travelling around China to promote his
ideas among rulers, he eventually became involved in teaching
disciples. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental
morality,
correctness of
social relationships,
justice
and
sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines
such as
Legalism or
Taoism during the
Han
dynasty. Used since then as the imperial orthodoxy, Confucius' thoughts
have been developed into a vast and complete philosophical system known in
the West as
Confucianism. They were introduced to Europe by the
Jesuit
Matteo Ricci, who was the first to romanize the name as "Confucius".
The
Analects is a short collection of his discussions with disciples,
compiled posthumously. It contains an overview of his teachings. |
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| Buddhism , Buddhimus |
Buddhist : |
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| Buddhism |
| From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. |
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| Buddhism is a
religion
and
philosophy based on the
teachings of the
Buddha,
Siddhārtha Gautama, who lived in what is now the border region of
Northern India and
Nepal between
563 and
483 BCE.
Buddhism spread throughout the ancient
Indian
sub-continent in the
five centuries following his death. It continued to spread into
Central,
Southeast,
East Asia,
and
Eastern Europe over the next
two millennia. There is controversy among scholars of religion
concerning whether Buddhism constitutes a
religion,
discussions which closely follow the problem of "what is religion?"
within religious studies. With approximately
708 million followers, Buddhism is a major movement. Its adherents are
called
Buddhists.
Buddhism is usually divided into two main branches:
Theravada
Buddhism and
Mahayana
Buddhism. The followers of Theravada Buddhism take the scriptures known as
the "Pali suttas,
vinaya and
abhidhamma" (the Tipitaka/
Tripitaka)
as normative and authoritative; the followers of Mahayana Buddhism base
themselves chiefly on the "Mahayana sutras" (sutra/
sutta is
generally a scripture in which the Buddha himself gives instruction), as
well as on various versions of the vinaya. Whereas the Theravadins (followers
of Theravada Buddhism) adhere solely to the Pali suttas and their
commentaries, the adherents of Mahayana accept both the suttas and the
Mahayana sutras as authentic and valid teachings of the Buddha, aimed at
different types of person and different levels of spiritual penetration. For
the Theravadins, the Mahayana sutras are deviant works of poetic fiction,
not issuing from the Buddha himself; for the Mahayanists, the Pali suttas (or
"agamas",
as such scriptures are also known) do indeed contain basic, foundational (or
provisional) teachings of the Buddha, while for those same Mahayanists the
Mahayana sutras articulate the Buddha's higher, advanced and deeper
doctrines, reserved for the more aspirational
Bodhisattvas. Hence the name Mahayana, lit, the Greater
Vehicle, which has room for both the general masses of sentient beings
and those more developed. Some Mahayanists irreverently refer to Theravada
as Hinayana, lit, the Lesser Vehicle. This term is now widely
seen as either inaccurate or derogatory, although it does actually appear in
the famous Mahayana scripture, the
Lotus
Sutra (amongst others). Other adherents of
Mahayana
use the term
Hinayana
in a respectful way referring to several historical
Hinayana
schools that may or may not include the currently existing
Theravada. |
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